An available state space model for modeling long sequences
Paper: Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces
Motivation and current problem
• A central problem in sequence modeling is efficiently handling data that contains long-range dependencies (LRDs). 一般要求上万步(16k),现在能做到几千步就不错了。
• 用special matrix(HIPPO)武装起来的latent space model本来具有长时间记忆的能力,但在计算上不可行:O(N 2L) operations and O(N L) space。 尽管依据经典linear algebra的降维算法被提出了,但是在数值上不稳定:A的条件数比较大。
• 希望有一个general-purpose sequence model: 现在的model总是针对一个particular domain(images, audio,text, time-series),处理一个narrow range of problems ( efficient training,fast generation, handling irregularly sampled data).这种现状的原因是这些模型想要高效,就需要domain-specific preprocessing,inductive biases, and architectures.
Contribution
1. S4解决了SSM模型过往的computational neck;在speed和memory overhead 上都达到了efficient transformer的水平;
2. 在LRD任务上成为SOTA,特别地,第一次解决了长达16k,涉及到图像空间推理的Path-X问题;
3. 除了LRD任务,S4具备成为general-purpose sequence model的潜力:
具有efficient training, fast generation, handling irregularly sampled data(比如说调整speech的采样频率)的多种功能
在不调整结构的情况下,能handle diverse domains:surpasses Speech CNNs on speech classification, outperforms the specialized Informer model on time-series forecasting problems, and matches a 2-D ResNet on sequential CIFAR with over 90% accuracy.
Preliminary
1.SSM Model
The state space model is defined by the sinple equation (1). lt maps a 1-D input signal u(t) to an H-D latent state x(t) before projecting to a 1-D output signal y(t).
x'(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)
y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)
2.Hippo非常重要!!!
3.Discretization
To discretize the continuous-time SSM,we follow prior work in using the bilinear method [43],which converts the state matrix A into an approximation ˉA. The discrete SSM is
xₖ=ˉAxₖ₋₁+ˉBuₖ ˉA=(l – Δ/2 · A)⁻¹ (l+Δ/2 · A)
yₖ=ˉCxₖ ˉB=(l – Δ/2 · A)⁻¹ΔB ˉC=C.
Solution:
• 把Hippo matrix A 分解成normal matrix+ low-rank
• 序列模型并行可以转化为一个卷积运算,但卷积核需要处理一个连乘。如果A diagonal,那一切好说;但他现在不是,所以转化成为Normal Plus Low-Rank。处理NPLR的幂需要用到三个技巧
• 用cauchy kernel来处理对角阵求逆的问题;
• 用Woodbury identity把NPLR变成对角阵的问题;
• 计算截断的generating function,再用inverse FFT变回来。
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