我来举一个最简单的例子抛砖引玉。群论中著名的Cayley定理其实就是Yoneda lemma的特殊情况
Cayley定理:每个群都同构于某个对称群的某个子群。
为了看清两者之间的关系,我们令C 表示只有一个对象 • 的(局部小)群胚,因此 G=Homᴄ(•,•) 在态射的复合下构成一个群(并且,显然的,任何一个群都能被这样实现)。那么,一个协变函子 C → Set 就由一个集合 X 和一个群同态 G → Perm(X) 组成,从而 X 是一个 G-set,而协变函子之间的自然变换就是 G-set之间的等变映射(equivariant map)。因此, Hom (•,–) 就对应 G 左乘自己而定义的群作用。由Yoneda lemma,自然变换的集合 Nat(Hom(•,–),Hom(•,–)) ≅ Hom(•,•)。另一方面,我们不难知道,等式左边在复合运算下构成群 Perm(G) 的一个子群,而且这个集合范畴内的同构也是一个群同态。因此 G 同构于 Perm(G) 的一个子群。这就是Cayley定理。
当然,以上只是局部小范畴的Yoneda lemma的一个运用。但我们对于一个对称闭幺半范畴ν=ν₀,⨂,l,α,λ,ρ (ν₀ 是局部小且完备的)上的一个充实范畴(enriched category) A ,也有(strong) Yoneda lemma[1]:
(strong) Yoneda lemma:给定一个ν -函子 F:A → ν 及一个 A -对象 K ,我们有一个对于 A 的 ν -自然的映射 Fᴋᴀ:A(K,A) → [FK,FA],它在伴随 ν₀(X,[Y,Z]) ≅ ν₀(Y,[X,Z])下的转换 фᴀ:FK → [A(K,A),FA] 也是 ν -自然的。(strong) Yoneda lemma宣称, фᴀ 将 FK 表示为end ∫ᴀ[A(K,A),FA] ,使得我们有同构 ф:FK ≅ [A,ν](A(K,–),F)
它是局部小范畴的Yoneda lemma的推广(我们取ν=Set 就回到局部小范畴的Yoneda lemma)。
Remark 2.1.14. There is a natural way for sPr(C) to be enriched over Set such that S ⨂ P=∐ₛ∈s P ≅ S × P where P is a presheaf and S is a set viewing it as a constant presheaf as well. Then the above lemma actually says P ≅ ∫ᶜ∈C P(c) ⨂ h(c) is the coend. For a simplicial version you can look at the Definition A.5.17.
For a presheaf P:Cᵒᵖ → Set,we can define a Cᵒᵖ-indexed diagram Dᴘ in Pr(C) such that for any object c of C,Dᴘ(c) is the constant presheaf Pᴄ of the set P(c). Then ∫ᶜ∈Cᵒᵖ h(c) × Dᴘ(c) is just ∫ᶜ∈C P(c) ⨂ h(c) since ∐ h(c') Ⅱ (h(c') ≅ ∐(h(c') × Pᴄ).Therefore P ≅ ∫ᶜ∈Cᵒᵖ h(c) × Dᴘ(c).
注意:
∐ ∐
u:c' → c,p∈P(c) u:c' → c
Lemma 2.1.15. If F is α simpliciαl presheαf αnd ωe define α Δᵒᵖ-indexed diαgrαm in sPr(C) such thαt it sends [n] to Fₙ,ωhich is α presheαf of sets but ωe υieω it αs α discrete simpliciαl presheαf.
Then the geometric reαlizαtion |DF| is just F.
Proof. In Definition A.5.17,we have |Dғ|=△⨂ Δᵒᵖ Dғ=∫[ⁿ]∈Δᵒᵖ Δⁿ ⨂ Dғ([n]).
For a fixed object c of C,we obtain |Dғ|ᴄ=∫[ⁿ]∈Δᵒᵖ Δⁿ ⨂ Dғ([n],c). Since Dғ([n],c) is just the constant simplicial set of Fᴄ([n]), from the remark above we see it will be isomorphic to Fᴄ. Therefore |Dғ| ≅ F.□
Lemma 2.1.16.Under αssumptions αbουe,in sPr(C)ᵢₙⱼ the Bousfield-Kαn mαp hocolimDғ → |Dғ| is α ωeαk equiυαlence. And therefore hocolimDғ is ωeαkly equiυαlent to F.
Proof.In sPr(C)ᵢₙⱼ cofibrations are just objectwise cofibrations and in sSet cofibrations are injective maps.
Therefore any object F in sPr(C)ᵢₙⱼ is cofibrant. Then from Definition A.5.22,for any simplicial object X in sPr(C)ᵢₙⱼ its homotopy colimit is computed by the coend N(– ↓ Δ ᵒᵖ)ᵒᵖ ⨂Δᵒᵖ X. Fixing the object c of C,Xᴄ will be a simplicial object in sSet and its homotopy colimit is just the value of hocolimX on c. From Corollary A.5.30 we see the map hocolimXᴄ → |Xᴄ| is a weak equivalence. But |Xᴄ|=|X|(c),this means the Bousfield-Kan map hocolimX → |X| is an objectwise weak equivalence. Especially when X=Dғ,hocolimDғ → |Dғ| is a weak equivalence. □
The above two lemmas are in [DHl04,Remark 2.1].
参考
1. 见G.M.Kelly的Basic Concepts of Enriched Category Theory的2.4节 The (strong) Yoneda lemma for V-CAT; the Yoneda embedding
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